INFO 310 - April 6, 2004 - Introduction to frameworks and paradigims
Notes By: Prins, Egaas, Fortier

Dervin & Nyland

User Oriented Paradigim: Move towards user centered design.

User will change over time.

The cognitive view...
    K[S] + [] i = k[s + []s]
    > Any processing of information - whether perceptual or symbolic - is mediated by a system of categories or concepts, which, for the processing device, are a model of its world.

The cognitive view (Ingwersen)
    > The world model consists of knowledge structures. These are determined by the individual and social/collective experiences, education and training.
        - Created out of a broad set of experiences and interactions that we all have had.
        - What are some things that might influence the way that I interpret information?
    
Sensemaking
    > Focused on people as individuals
    > Daily lives are working thru space and time.
    > We will enter in to discontinuity conditions
    
                Gap Bridged
    Situation   _____________ Uses (Helps)
                \           /
                 \         /    
                  \       /
                   \     /
                    \   /
                     \_/
                  Gap faced
    [Ugly Owl]
    
    
Sensemaking moment
    
                              Situation
                            /          \
     Each moment is        /            \
     potentially a        /   Circling   \
     sensmaking moment   /     the        \
                        /    Experience    \
                       /                    \
                       Gap ---------------- Use (Help)
            

Social Constructionism
    > Essential premise
        - The primary human reality is about people in conversation
        - Communication and conversation are used to structure and organize social reality
        - Focus on public and social not private and subjective
    > Emphasizes the negotiation of meaning
        - Reality construction through discourse
    > Assumes that we construct versions of reality between ourselves
    > Knowledge is something people do together rather than an individual possession    
 
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Kris takes over at this point.
Technology Acceptance and Personal Innovativeness (PI)
Slides: http://www.ischool.washington.edu/harryb/INFO310/Acceptance.ppt

Today's Outline
    > Technology acceptance and PI activity
    > Activity results and discussion
    > Break!
    > Review and discussion of Bruce, Ch. 2 and Argarwal & Parsad (1998)
    > Response questions
    > Explanations for Exercise 1 - My Information Need
    
Technology acceptance and personal innovativeness activity
    > List examples of significant technological developments
        - ATM
        - Printing
        - Email
        - Plastic
        - Phone
        - Fire
        - Sliced Bread
        - Cigarettes
        - Cell Phones
    > Break into 6 groups and examine one of the developments addressed in class
        - Cell Phones
    > List some economic, social and individual effects that is development may have had
        - Economic
            * Long distance pricing
            * Extra cost for convenience
            * Cost contrast to land lines
            * Hardware production
            * Cost of phones
        - Social
            * Increased communication
            * False promise of communication
            * Auto accidents
            * Increase connectivity
            * Time saving
            * "Hipness"
        - Individual
            * Intrusion
            * Personal sense of convenience
            * Entertainment
            * Security
            * Access to help/emergencies
    > Try to identify the early and late adopters and how the innovation was introduced and marketed?
        - Early Adopters
            * Wealthy People
            * Large Corporations
        - Late Adopters
            * Home user
            * Less wealthy
            * Small businesses
        - How innovation was introduced
            * Free phones
            * Cheap plans
            * Show how phone will enhance their lives
            * Network Externality
            
Aspects of technology acceptance behavior
    > Acceptance and adoption of technologies by individuals
    > Rejection of technologies
    > Personal innovativeness
        - Early Adopters
        - Late Adopters
    > Theory of the Diffusion of Innovations
    > Theory of Planned Behavior
    > Technology acceptance model
    
    Early Adopters
        > Opinion leaders and change agents
        > Personal innovativeness
            - Global innovativeness
                * "a characteristic that all individuals possess to some degree"
                * "the level of willingness to change"
            - Domain Specific Innovativeness
                * Have greater mass-media exposure
                * Place less reliance on the subjective evaluation of information by members of their social system
                * Cope with higher levels of uncertainty and take risks
                * Require fewer positive perceptions of an information technology for adoption (Bruce, p. 23)
    
Late Adopters
    > Not pejorative
    > Individuals may be more cautious for any number of reasons
    > They may have had negative experiences in the past
    > They may be in socioeconomic situations that prohibit early adoption
    
Theory of the Diffusion of Innovations
    > Relative Advantage
    > Compatibility
    > Complexity
    > Observability
    > Trialability
    > Image
    > Voluntariness of Use

Theory of Planned Behavior
    > Look at the slide
    
Technology Acceptance Model
    > Look at the slide
    
Technology Acceptance and Personal Innovativeness and the User-Centered Paradigm
    > Early adopters can be identified and serve as change agents
    > They can be targeted specifically for marketing programs
    > Early adopters are more likely to accept new technology without relying on traditional communication sources
    
***** Assignments *****
Exercise #1 Due on Thursday (4/8)
    > 2 Copies